The Discovery of Otzi the Iceman and Its Significance

On September 19, 1991, two German tourists were hiking in the Otzal Alps near the Italian-Austrian border when they discovered Europes oldest known mummy sticking out of the ice. Otzi, as the iceman is now known, had been naturally mummified by the ice and kept in amazing condition for approximately 5,300 years. Research on Otzis preserved body and the various artifacts found with it continues to reveal much about the life of Copper Age Europeans. The Discovery Around 1:30 p.m. on September 19, 1991, Erika and Helmut Simon from Nuremberg, Germany were descending from the Finail peak in the Tisenjoch area of the Otzal Alps when they decided to take a shortcut off the beaten path. When they did so, they noticed something brown sticking out of the ice. Upon further inspection, the Simons discovered that it was a human corpse. Although they could see the back of the head, arms, and back, the bottom of the torso was still embedded in the ice. The Simons took a picture and then reported their discovery at the Similaun Refuge. At the time, however, the Simons and the authorities all thought the body belonged to a modern man who had recently suffered a deadly accident. Removing Otzis Body Removing a frozen body thats stuck in the ice at 10,530 feet (3,210 meters) above sea level is never easy. Adding bad weather and a lack of proper excavation equipment made the job even more difficult. After four days of trying, Otzis body was finally removed from the ice on September 23, 1991. Sealed up in a body bag, Otzi was flown via helicopter to the town of Vent, where his body was transferred to a wooden coffin and taken to the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Innsbruck. At Innsbruck, archaeologist Konrad Spindler determined that the body found in the ice was definitely not a modern man; instead, he was at least 4,000 years old. It was then that they realized that Otzi the Iceman was one of the most amazing archaeological finds of the century. Once it was realized that Otzi was an extremely important discovery, two teams of archaeologists went back to the discovery site to see if they could find more artifacts. The first team stayed only three days, October 3-5, 1991, because the winter weather was too harsh to work in. The second archaeology team waited until the following summer, surveying from July 20 to August 25 1992. This team found numerous artifacts, including string, muscle fibers, a piece of a longbow, and a bearskin hat. Who Was Otzi the Iceman? Otzi was a man who lived sometime between 3350 and 3100 BCE in what is called the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. He stood approximately five feet and three inches high and at the end of his life suffered from arthritis, gallstones, and whipworm. He died at about the age of 46. At first, it was believed that Otzi had died from exposure, but in 2001 an X-ray revealed that there was a stone arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder. A CT scan in 2005 discovered that the arrowhead had severed one of the Otzis arteries, most likely causing his death. A large wound on Otzis hand was another indicator that Otzi had been in close combat with someone shortly before his death. Scientists have recently discovered that Otzis last meal consisted of a few slices of fatty, cured goat meat, similar to modern-day bacon. But many questions remain regarding Otzi the Iceman. Why did Otzi have over 50 tattoos on his body? Were the tattoos part of an ancient form of acupuncture? Who killed him? Why was the blood of four people found on his clothes and weapons? Perhaps more research will help answer these and other questions about Otzi the Iceman.   Otzi on Display After seven years of study at Innsbruck University, Otzi the Iceman was transported to South Tyrol, Italy, where he was to be both further studied and put on display. At the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Otzi was encased within a specially made chamber, which is kept dark and refrigerated to help preserve Otzis body. Visitors to the museum can glimpse Otzi through a small window. To remember the place where Otzi had remained for 5,300 years, a stone marker was placed at the discovery site.

Communication And Leadership At Staples - 5361 Words

Communication and Leadership at Staples ADM1100X Group 2 David Delcorde July 27, 2015 ADM1300 ADM1100 SUMMER 2015 TEAM PROJECT GRADING TEMPLATE NOTE: EVERY TEAM ASSIGNMENT MUST HAVE THIS SHEET ATTACHED TO IT – THE MARKERS WILL NOT NECESSARILY PROVIDE ONE! TEAM NUMBER: 2 TEAM MEMBERS (WITH STUDENT NUMBERS): Erin Chapman (7158461), Lee Clark (6338581), Sarmad Hashmi (7249729), Ahmad Abu Sheikh (7266326), Yifan Luo (6439801), Omar Alshanteer (7337571), SawilaBayat (7295651), Tyler Rigg (7239730) Component Marker’s Comments Letter Grade Awarded Definitions and Models Analysis (the link between the theory and company practices) Opinion (responses to questions such as ‘in your view’) Quality of the research effort Overall quality of the written report Overall Report Grade: _________________ Table of Contents Grading Rubric pg. 1 Introduction pg. 3 What is leadership? pg. 3 Leadership to becoming an effective leader pg. 4 Contingency approaches to a General Manager pg. 5 Contingency approaches to a District Manager pg. 7 What is effective leadership? pg. 9 What is communication? pg. 11 Effective communication between associates pg. 13 Communication barriers pg. 14 Cultural variation and non-verbal communication pg. 18 Conclusion pg. 19 References pg. 20 Group ethics statement pg. 22 Introduction Effective leadership andShow MoreRelatedOverview of the Main Concepts of Team Leadership Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of the Main Concepts of Team Leadership According to Northouse (2012), team leadership has become one of the most popular theories of leadership research. 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Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems Free Essays

Heroism is a trait that we seem to have no problem identifying, yet when asked to define what a hero is a myriad of answers emerge. This phenomenon is not unique to today’s society; the definition of a hero is something that is constantly under revision and debate. An example of this can be seen in two older pieces of English literature: Beowulf, written circa 750-900, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written circa 1375-1400. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stories both have a main character that possesses heroic qualities, many of which are very similar. Gawain’s identity as a hero is not clearly demonstrated, but when compared with Beowulf, who is demonstrated to be a hero, hiss merits earn him that title as well. Exactly what defines a heroic act, or a hero for that matter? Often times we dismiss the question due to its complex nature. But when confronted with an individual with heroic qualities we readily identify them as a hero. So what set of traits makes up this amorphous definition that we call hero? I would agree that the very definition is one that is dependent upon the time and society in which its context is being used. A person who shot someone to save the life of another may be viewed as a hero under the scrutiny of one culture, but in a different time or location the very opposite may be true. Nevertheless, heroes exist and posses these ever changing heroic qualities. Beowulf is clearly demonstrated to be a hero, and we can observe the qualities he possesses to enable him to have that title. While Sir Gawain’s heroic accomplishments are a little more debatable, I would argue that he deserves the same title; he exudes qualities which can be considered heroic in the context of Arthurian Legend as well as today. Although we can attribute no authorship to Beowulf or Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, we can see that Beowulf was meant to be a hero and if nothing else, Gawain was portrayed as the story’s protagonist. One such way this was done was by having neither of the main characters as all powerful rulers; in fact each Beowulf and Gawain served some sort of higher authority. Beowulf, throughout approximately 2/3 of the story serves Hrothgar. Similarly, Gawain was not ruler of his domain but served King Arthur. It is important to note that while both served other men, they were not themselves servants. Beowulf traveled from his land to assist in the destruction of Grendel, and Gawain chose to be a knight of the Round Table and indeed viewed his service to Arthur and his kingdom as an honor. By the construct of having both main characters serve others, the author has created more capacity for heroism to become apparent. If the President of the United States were to prevent nuclear war, the people would obviously be relieved and grateful that he fulfilled his duty. If a soldier on the field accomplished the same task, he would be regarded as a true hero. Transcending one’s traditional role and going above and beyond is a characteristic which helps to set heroes apart from other people. Sir Gawain goes above and beyond his role when declaring his intention to battle the Green Knight. â€Å"I would come to your counsel before your court noble. /For I find it not fit, as in faith it is known, /When such a boon is begged before all these knights, /Though you be tempted thereto, to take it on yourself† (lines 347-350) King Arthur at this point had already accepted the challenge, yet Gawain decided to take his place because he was aware of the danger and risk involved in letting the King fight. He admits just a few lines later that â€Å"I am the weakest, well I know, and of wit feeblest; /And the loss of my life would be least of any;† (lines 354-355) This indication that is ability to fight is low makes his decision to fight that much more heroic, and this is all done in the name of Arthur. Beowulf, on the other hand, does not have an issue of inferior strength, but quite the opposite- he seems to posses a sort of superhuman strength. Even so, his level of self restraint and wisdom prevents him from overthrowing Hrothgar despite his superior abilities. This amount of loyalty and service is a trait that helps develop his character even further as a hero. Both Gawain and Beowulf having been in similar instances serving a higher authority have shown heroic qualities although they may have differed. While the two main characters in discussion are being portrayed as heroes, they are still human and have fallibilities. It is the dynamic experience, the rise and fall of these characters which makes them real and human, that shows what they are truly made of. This insight may prove to be disappointing or disheartening for many, I find the revelation to be comforting as it reasserts that a hero isn’t an idyllic state but a condition which can be humanly attained. Beowulf’s rise and fall is demonstrated rather clearly throughout the progression of the story. At his peak, he kills Grendel with his bare hands. In the second encounter with Grendel’s mother he is victorious, but requires the use of armor and the sword Hrunting. As time passes, he becomes king. He helps to slay the dragon that is terrorizing the land with the assistance of Wiglaf and his men, but at the cost of his life. This failure of his strength is foreshadowed earlier by Hrothgar, â€Å"Choose dear Beowulf, the better part, /eternal rewards. Don’t give way to pride. /For a brief while your strength is in bloom/ but it fades quickly† (lines 1759-1762). Beowulf’s wisdom, which he relies on throughout the story even diminishes as he faces the dragon, as shown when he elects to strike first by himself with full knowledge that his strength is not as great as it used to be. Another interesting point is that while in the service is Hrothgar is heroic qualities shown through but when he became leader, he was still a hero but many of the qualities such as his wisdom and strength in this instance have decreased. Likewise to Beowulf, Gawain experiences a rise and fall. His circumstance is slightly different than Beowulf’s however. Gawain’s worthiness to even be named a hero is often put into question, and his final deeds tend to overshadow the previous ones when that consideration is made. This is an unfair judgment as no one would rescind Beowulf’s status as a hero because of his pride blinding his judgment towards the end of his life, but would still consider him a hero because of his previous heroic actions. The same is true of Sir Gawain. Near the end of the story when he thinks he will die and flinches when the ax is coming down on his neck, he’s viewed as a coward. I’ll concede that it was a cowardly thing to do, but then I’m forced to ask the rhetorical question, â€Å"What would you do? † Moments later, Gawain recomposes himself, doesn’t flinch and gets nicked. Of course, one could argue that Gawain is a coward disguised as a hero because of his protest to the Green Knight claiming his debt is paid, and that he decided to use the green girdle. First of all, Gawain spends the rest of his days lamenting his decision to use the girdle, so he isn’t ignorant of what he as done. Secondly, there is absolutely nothing heroic about dying without a cause, which is what would have been the case had the Green Knight carried out his threat. I see no harm done in preparing oneself for an encounter such as the one he went through. We often laude heroes for their cunning in wisdom, so why should those same traits in Gawain be looked upon negatively? While there are many more facets to declaring someone a hero, these are a few that both Beowulf and Gawain share. Beowulf demonstrates that its namesake is a man who is supposed to be regarded as a hero. This same intent is not made in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, but when the two are compared with each other, Sir Gawain is shown to be a hero, not a simple coward that he may initially appear to be. How to cite Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems, Papers

Ethics Business Exam free essay sample

Define â€Å"ethics† as described in our textbook: Ethics refers to our efforts to figure out what we should do and how we should live. It involves the challenge of figuring out how to justify our behavior both to ourselves and others. 3 Who are the most important stakeholders in the following examples in our textbook? 1. Tylenol : Doctors, nurses, mothers, fathers and children. 2. Novo Nordisk : People with diabetes 3. GE Healthcare in India: Heath care providers 4. Merck: Members of society and to provide good to people in need around the world. . An employee is accused of altering a company’s financial ledgers. Upon questioning, the employee exclaims that he was only following the supervisor’s orders. The employee is using which justification for his unethical behavior? Distancing from responsibility 5. What are the 3 ways to avoid rationalizations? First the generalizability test; which states to make similar decision when confronted with similar issues. Next the publicity test; this test aims to make sure one can defend their reason, simply is it just and can it be defended. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Business Exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The last test is the reversibility test; this suggests putting one in another’s shoes. Do onto others as you would have done to you. 6. What are the 3 Decision Guidelines named in the textbook? 1. Stranded to conduct 2. From virtue ethics to character and relationships 3. Purposes and consequences 9. What are the 3 Levels of the Stakeholder Framework? 1. Value proposition of the organization 2. Principles of stakeholder cooperation 3. Respect for societal standers of conduct. 10. In the case study about Merck, for what disease were they asked to provide medication? River blindness 1. What are Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development? 1. Pre-convectional – Punishment and obedience individual instrument purpose and exchange. 2. Convectional mutual Interpersonal expectations and relationships conformity law and order orientation 3. Post- convectional – prior rights Social contact, utility universal ethical principles 14. True or False: According to the St akeholder Framework, the concerns of Shareholders are not important. False: But they should have a solid and defensible reason when they choose not to address a stakeholder 15. True or False: Bribery is acceptable when engaging in business in another country where it is commonly practiced. False: bribery is an unacceptable practice 16. Name 4 of DeGeorge’s 10 Principles for Cross Cultural Management. 1. Do no intentional harm. 2. Produce more good than harm for host. 3. Contribute to host development. 4. Respect human rights of employees. 17. In the video of ‘The Office†, what are 5 ethical issues portrayed? 1) Getting discount on paper for sexual acts. 2) Upper level management overlooked reason for discount paper 3) Stealing company time. ) Office manager blew off ethics training program. 5) Giving immunity and revoking it after the meeting is an ethics issue. 18. True or False: Enron was in the ice cream cone business. False: they sold energy. 19. What is the difference between primary and secondary stakeholders? Primary stakeholders are people and groups most affected by the outcome of the business actions. Value chain and definitiona l stakeholders. Secondary stakeholders are individuals or groups not directly affected by the outcome of business operations. Instrumental stakeholders.

No Other Essays - Stonehenge, Henges, , Term Papers

No Other Despite the many purposes it seems to serve, Stonehenge is still the embodiment of mystery for most of the world. Some believe that its purpose was to be used as an astronomical observatory. Others think that it was used as a religious meeting center for the Druids. However, no one has been able to prove its true meaning and existence. Stonehenge is believed to have been built in three main periods. The first took place between 3100 and 2700 B. C. This part of the construction consisted of building a huge ditch around the area in which Stonehenge was to be built (Castleden 1). This ditch was 320 ft. in diameter with a broken area in which the entrance is located. Just inside the ditch 56 holes were dug equal distance from each other. These holes were then filled with chalk rubble, but some of the holes were filled with the bones of cremated human beings. These holes were called the Aubrey holes after their discoverer John Aubrey. To the northeast of the ditch a 16ft. tall heel stone was erected (Brown 751). The second phase of the building is non-existent to this day (Warwick and Trump I t can however be inferred by to holes known as the ?Q? and ?R? holes. The two holes form a double circle around the monument. It was originally filled with 38 blue stones. Also during this building phase two ditches were dug parallel to each other. The two ditches go outward from the entrance. This part of the building process is believed to be unfinished. This thought is due to the fact that some holes are missing in the double circles (Brown 751). The third phase in building is the most spectacular of all the phases. This is because of the 100ft. Circle that is filled with 30 sarsen stone columns which weighs 25 tons separately. A continuous circle of lintel stones held in place by mortise and tenon joints tops them off. Inside the circle is the holes known as the ?X? and ?Y? holes. Also inside are a small horseshoe shape of bluestones. The largest bluestone is called the altar stone. This altar stone's original location and meaning is unknown. It now lies under two fallen trilithon stone. The builders of this age of Stonehenge are the Wessex culture of the early Bronze Age (Brown 752). Those who constructed Stonehenge may never be known. There are many myths and legends as to who really built the huge monument. On such myth is that the great magician Merlin built Stonehenge. This was claimed in the book History of the Kings of Britains written by Geoffrey of Monmouth. According to Geoffrey the huge stones were taken from Ireland and moved to England where they were marked as a burial ground for slain British princes. This monument was set up by King Ambrosius. He sent for Merlin to give him a monument. Merlin suggested the ?Dance of the Giants? in Ireland. However the Irish were not going to give up their monument without a fight. They had set up an army to defend the giant monument from King Ambrosius's army of soldiers sent to fetch the monument. The British defeated the Irish but could not budge the giant stones in any way, shape, or form. Merlin, however, could. He came to their rescue and moved the stones with the greatest of ease. This story was a good explan ation to all medieval believers. Outline I. Construction A. Phases 1. Period I 2. Period II 3. Period III B. Builders 1. Celts and Druids 2. Merlin and King Ambrossius II. Purpose A. Solstice Calendar B. Druids Meetings C. Astronomical Events III. Feeling toward Stonehenge A. Peoples Feelings Then B. Peoples Feelings now

The Atrocities of the Congo Free State Rubber Regime

The Atrocities of the Congo Free State Rubber Regime When the Belgian King Leopold II acquired the Congo Free State during the Scramble for Africa in 1885, he claimed he was establishing the colony for humanitarian and scientific purposes, but in reality, its sole aim was profit, as much as possible, as fast as possible. The results of this rule were very uneven. Regions that were hard to access or lacked profitable resources escaped much of the violence that was to follow, but for those areas directly under the rule of the Free State or the companies it leased land to, the results were devastating. The Rubber Regime   Initially, government and commercial agents focused on acquiring ivory, but inventions, like the car, dramatically increased the demand for rubber.  Unfortunately, for the Congo, it was one of the only places in the world to have a large supply of wild rubber, and the government and its affiliated trading companies quickly shifted their focus to extracting the suddenly lucrative commodity. Company agents were paid large concessions on top of their salaries for the profits they generated, creating personal incentives to force people to work more and harder for little to no pay.  The only way to do that was through the use of terror. Atrocities In order to enforce the near impossible rubber quotas imposed on villages, agents and officials called on the Free State’s army, the Force Publique. This army was composed of white officers and African soldiers. Some of these soldiers were recruits, while others were slaves or orphans brought up to serve the colonial army. The army become known for its brutality, with the officers and soldiers being accused of  destroying villages, taking hostages, raping, torturing, and extorting the people. Men who did not fulfill their quota were killed or mutilated. They also sometimes eradicated  whole villages that failed to meet the quotas as a warning to others. Women and children were often taken hostage until men fulfilled a quota; during which time the women were raped repeatedly. The iconic images to emerge from this terror, though, were the baskets full of smoked hands and the Congolese children who survived ​having a hand cut off. A Hand for Every Bullet Belgian officers were afraid that the rank and file of the Force Publique would waste bullets, so they demanded a human hand for each bullet their soldiers used as proof that the killings had been done.  Soldiers were also reportedly promised their freedom or given other incentives for killing the most people as proven by supplying the most hands. Many people wonder why these soldiers were willing to do this to their ‘own’ people, but there was no sense of being ‘Congolese’. These men were generally from other parts of the Congo or other colonies entirely, and the orphans and slaves had often been brutalized themselves.  The Force Publique, no doubt, also attracted men who, for whatever reason, felt little compunction about wielding such violence, but this was true of the white officers as well. The vicious fighting and terror of the Congo Free State is better understood as another example of the incredible capacity of people for incomprehensible cruelty. Humanity and Reform The horrors, though, are only one part of the story. Amidst all of this, some of the best of people was also seen, in the bravery and resilience of ordinary Congolese men and women who resisted in small and large ways, and the passionate efforts of several American and European missionaries and activists to bring about reform.

Financial statement analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial statement analysis - Essay Example The general rule is for a current ratio to be good it must be above 1.0. Both the current ratio and quick ratio of the company are excellent. The net margin of Happy Hospital is 6.49%. A net margin measures the profitability of a company. In order to determine whether a net margin is good or not one must consider the industry in which the company participates. A good database to find the industry ratios for different business industries is the Dun & Bradstreet database. If a company has a net margin that is higher than the industry standard this company is performing above the industry norm. Another element to consider is whether a company is a non-profit organization or for-profit company. The net margin in a non-profit organization is irrelevant since the strategy of the company is to break even. On the other hand for-profit organizations seek to maximize its profitability. The asset utilization of Happy Hospital was 63.56%. Firms seek to have high asset utilization because this me tric illustrates how much revenues are being generated with the assets of a firm. The financial leverage of Happy Hospital is 10.22%, while the financial leverage of St. Agnes is 86.40%. The financial leverage ratios show how much debt a company is using to finance its operation. The financial leverage position of Happy Hospital is much lower than St. Agnes Hospital.